What does "affirm" mean in a legal context?

In a legal context, "affirm" means to declare solemnly and formally that a decision, judgment, or ruling is valid and will stand as it is. When a higher court affirms the decision of a lower court, it confirms that the lower court's ruling is correct and does not require any changes. This usage emphasizes the notion of upholding the integrity of the original decision.

Understanding this definition is crucial because it reflects the principle that higher courts can endorse the findings of lower courts rather than overturning or altering those decisions. This is an important aspect of the judicial process, reinforcing the authority of initial rulings when they are deemed just and lawful.

The other options are distinct legal actions. Rejecting a decision involves dismissing it outright, modifying a judgment entails changing its terms or conditions, and filing an appeal is the process of challenging a decision in a higher court. Each of these terms describes a separate legal function that contrasts with the affirmation of a decision.