What does the term "cross" refer to in the context of witness questioning?

In the context of witness questioning, the term "cross" specifically refers to the process of cross-examination. During cross-examination, an attorney challenges the credibility of a witness who has already testified. This is done to test the witness's reliability, memory, and consistency, and it often involves asking leading questions that may reveal inconsistencies or biases in the witness's statements.

Cross-examination is an essential part of the adversarial system of justice, as it helps uncover the truth and allows attorneys to probe deeper into the witness's testimony, often adjusting strategy based on the responses given. By focusing on the witness's credibility during cross-examination, attorneys aim to weaken the opposing party's case and strengthen their own.

In contrast, other options, such as presenting new evidence or summarizing arguments, relate to different phases of legal proceedings and do not specifically pertain to the challenging aspect inherent to cross-examination. The initial questioning of a witness, known as direct examination, is also distinct from what happens during cross-examination.